A calm, fast response can prevent thousands in water damage
Plumbing emergencies don’t wait for a convenient time—especially in Boise winters, when frozen lines, sudden temperature drops, and heavy holiday water use can expose weak points fast. The good news: most damage from an “emergency plumbing” situation comes from the first 10–30 minutes of uncontrolled water. If you know what to do first (and what not to do), you can protect your home, your floors, and your peace of mind while help is on the way.
The 5 most common “emergency plumbing” scenarios in Boise homes
Not every plumbing problem requires a middle-of-the-night response, but these issues often do:
- Active water leak (from a pipe, water heater, valve, or ceiling)
- No water or only a trickle from multiple fixtures
- Sewer or main line backup (toilets, tubs, floor drains)
- Water heater failure (leaking tank, no hot water, gas smell concerns)
- Frozen pipe (no flow + visible frost/condensation or very cold pipe section)
Your first-response checklist (do this in order)
1) Stop the water
If it’s a single fixture (toilet, sink, dishwasher line), shut off the local stop valve first. If water is coming from a wall, ceiling, or you can’t identify the source, turn off your home’s main water shutoff. In many homes, it’s where the water line enters the house (basement, crawl space, garage, or utility room). Local governments and utilities commonly note these locations as the most typical shutoff spots.
2) Shut off electricity only if needed (and only if safe)
If water is dripping near outlets, a panel, appliances, or lighting, treat it as an electrical hazard. If you can do so safely, shut off power to the affected area at the breaker. If anything feels unsafe, keep distance and wait for a professional.
3) Relieve pressure and minimize spread
After shutting off the main, open a few faucets (hot and cold) to relieve pressure and drain remaining water. Use towels, a wet/dry vac, and buckets to keep water from soaking into baseboards, cabinets, and flooring.
4) Document the problem (quick photos help)
Take a few clear photos of the leak source and affected areas for your records. This can also help your plumber understand what happened before water was turned off.
5) Call a local emergency plumber (and be ready with specifics)
When you call, be ready to share: where the leak is, whether water is off, whether sewage is involved, and whether anyone is at risk (elderly, kids, a business that must reopen quickly). For 24/7 response in the Treasure Valley, visit the Cloverdale Plumbing Emergency Services page.
Context that matters: Boise winter + hard water = more stress on plumbing
Boise homeowners see a mix of seasonal and long-term plumbing stressors:
- Freezing risk: Pipes in exterior walls, crawl spaces, attics, and garages are most vulnerable during prolonged cold snaps. Guidance from regional sources emphasizes safe thawing methods (hair dryer/heating pad) and avoiding open flames.
- Hard water scale: Mineral-rich water can contribute to scale buildup inside pipes and water heaters, which can reduce efficiency and accelerate wear over time. Many Treasure Valley homeowners install water treatment to protect fixtures and appliances.
If hard water is a concern in your home (spots on fixtures, dry skin, scale on showerheads, reduced water heater performance), learn about options on Cloverdale’s Water Softening Systems page.
Quick “Did you know?” facts that can save your house
- Small cracks can cause big damage: A pipe crack as small as 1/8-inch can release large amounts of water over a day, leading to major structural damage.
- Toilets can leak silently: The U.S. EPA notes that a simple food-coloring test can reveal a leaking flapper in about 10 minutes, and household leaks can waste significant water annually.
- Cabinet doors can help in freezes: Opening sink cabinets on exterior walls can help warm air reach pipes during a cold snap.
What NOT to do during a plumbing emergency
These mistakes can turn a manageable repair into a major restoration project:
- Don’t use a torch to thaw pipes. Regional guidance strongly recommends safer heat sources like a hair dryer or heating pad.
- Don’t keep running water “until morning” if you can’t identify the cause. Shut it off and get it assessed.
- Don’t pour chemicals down a backed-up drain (especially if there’s standing water). It can worsen damage and create safety risks.
- Don’t ignore sewer odors or gurgling—these often signal a developing main line problem that can escalate quickly.
If you’re dealing with recurring clogs or a suspected main line issue, see Cloverdale’s Drain Cleaning Boise service details.
Emergency type vs. best first action (quick table)
| Emergency | First action | What to avoid | Who to call |
|---|---|---|---|
| Burst/leaking pipe | Shut off main water; open faucets to relieve pressure | Waiting “to see if it stops” | 24/7 emergency plumber |
| Sewer backup | Stop using water; keep people/pets away from affected area | Chemical drain openers; repeated flushing | Drain cleaning / jetting |
| No hot water / leaking water heater | Turn off cold supply to heater; contain leak | Running the unit while it’s leaking | Water heater service |
| Frozen pipe | Keep faucet slightly open; warm pipe safely | Torch/open flame; forcing valves | Emergency plumber |
| Recurring leaks or low pressure | Schedule an assessment before it becomes urgent | Ignoring early warning signs | Pipe repair / repipe |
Tip: If you’re not sure what you’re dealing with, it’s safer to describe symptoms (where water is appearing, whether drains are slow, unusual sounds/odors) than to guess at the cause.
Step-by-step: How to reduce damage while you wait for the plumber
Step 1: Find and label your shutoffs (before you need them)
If you haven’t already, locate the main water shutoff and the individual stop valves under sinks and behind toilets. Consider labeling them with a small tag. In an emergency, clarity beats speed.
Step 2: For a suspected toilet leak, do the 10-minute test
Add a few drops of food coloring to the toilet tank and wait 10 minutes. If color appears in the bowl, the flapper is likely leaking. The U.S. EPA recommends this quick check as a simple way to detect common toilet leaks. (epa.gov)
Step 3: For a frozen pipe, warm it safely
Keep a faucet slightly open, then warm the pipe using a hair dryer, heating pad, or warm towels—never a torch. Multiple regional sources emphasize safe thawing methods and avoiding open flames. (info.oregon.aaa.com)
Step 4: For drain/sewer backups, stop all water use immediately
Don’t run the dishwasher “just once” and don’t take a quick shower—extra water can raise the backup level and spread contamination. If you suspect a main line issue, professional drain cleaning (and, when appropriate, hot water jetting) is usually the safest next step. Explore options on Cloverdale’s Hot Water Jetting & Drain Cleaning page.
Local Boise angle: prevention habits that pay off in the Treasure Valley
Boise’s weather swings and seasonal freezes mean a little prevention goes a long way:
- Winterize outdoor faucets: Disconnect hoses, shut off the interior valve (if you have one), drain the line, and cover the faucet before freezes.
- Insulate vulnerable lines: Pipes in crawl spaces, garages, exterior walls, and attics benefit most.
- Know when dripping faucets makes sense: Some guidance suggests dripping only the faucets served by exposed plumbing during sustained cold (often cited around 20°F or lower), balancing protection with water waste considerations. (wycokck.org)
- Schedule maintenance before remodeling: If you’re planning a bathroom or kitchen update, it’s a good time to assess shutoffs, supply lines, and drain routing. Cloverdale offers plumbing remodel services that can prevent “surprise” issues after walls are closed.
Need an emergency plumber in Boise right now?
Cloverdale Plumbing is a family-owned contractor serving the Treasure Valley since 1953, with 24/7 emergency response for leaks, backups, water heaters, and urgent repairs.
Request Emergency Service
If it’s actively leaking: shut off the water first, then contact us so we can prioritize properly.
FAQ: Emergency plumbing in Boise
Is a dripping faucet an emergency?
Not usually—but it can signal a failing cartridge, worn washer, or pressure issue. If the drip becomes a steady stream, causes cabinet damage, or you can’t stop it with the fixture shutoff, treat it as urgent.
What should I do if my ceiling is leaking water?
Shut off the home’s main water supply (or the closest shutoff you can confirm), contain the water with buckets/towels, and avoid electrical fixtures in the area. Then call an emergency plumber.
How can I tell if I have a frozen pipe or just low water pressure?
If some fixtures work and others don’t (especially those on exterior walls), freezing is a strong possibility. Visible frost/condensation or a section of pipe that feels noticeably colder can also be a clue.
Is hot water jetting safe for my pipes?
It can be a great option for removing grease, buildup, and certain obstructions when performed by a professional who evaluates pipe condition first. If you’re dealing with repeat clogs or commercial drain issues, ask about jetting vs. other drain cleaning methods.
Should I replace a pipe or repair it?
A one-time, accessible leak can often be repaired. Repeated leaks, corrosion, low pressure, or aging sections may point toward partial replacement or repiping. Cloverdale can help assess options on the Pipe Replacements & Repairs page.
Glossary (quick definitions)
Main water shutoff: The primary valve that stops water entering your home from the municipal supply (or well system).
Fixture stop valve: A local shutoff under a sink or behind a toilet that isolates a single fixture.
Flapper: The rubber valve in a toilet tank that opens to flush and seals to stop water from leaking into the bowl.
Hydro jetting / hot water jetting: Professional drain cleaning that uses high-pressure water (sometimes heated) to scour buildup from pipe walls.
Main line backup: A blockage in the primary sewer line causing drains/toilets to back up—often affecting multiple fixtures at once.
Plumbing Remodels in Boise, Idaho: What Homeowners Should Plan Before Moving a Sink, Shower, or Toilet
January 23, 2026A smoother remodel starts behind the walls
Remodeling a bathroom or kitchen in Boise is exciting—until the plumbing surprises show up: a drain that can’t be moved where you want it, a water line that’s undersized, or a vent that’s missing entirely. The best way to protect your timeline (and your budget) is to plan the plumbing early—before tile, cabinets, and countertops go in. Cloverdale Plumbing helps Treasure Valley homeowners map out remodel plumbing so the finished space looks great and performs reliably for years.
What counts as a “plumbing remodel” (and why planning matters)
A plumbing remodel usually means changing one or more of these items:
• Relocating fixtures (toilet, shower, tub, sink, laundry, dishwasher)
• Upgrading pipe materials or resizing lines for better flow
• Reworking drains, vents, and cleanouts to meet the new layout
• Adding features (pot filler, second shower head, soaking tub, utility sink)
The “hidden” systems—drain slope, venting, shutoff placement, and access—determine whether your remodel feels high-end or becomes a constant source of clogs, slow drains, sewer odors, or weak water pressure. That’s why plumbing layout is best handled during design, not after demo.
If you’re specifically planning a kitchen or bathroom update, visit our remodel service page here: Remodel plumbing services.
The 5 plumbing decisions that shape your remodel’s performance
1) Can the drain move where you want it?
Toilets, tubs, and showers often can’t move “just anywhere” without opening floors, reframing, or rerouting a main line. Drain slope and pipe sizing matter, and older homes may have layouts that limit options. A pre-planning walk-through can confirm what’s realistic before you order fixtures.
2) Is your venting correct for the new layout?
Venting protects traps (the water seal that blocks sewer gas) and helps drains move waste quickly. When a sink or shower shifts even a few feet, venting may need to be updated—especially if you’re combining fixtures or converting a tub to a shower.
3) Do you have shutoffs where you’ll need them?
Remodels are a great time to add accessible shutoff valves at sinks, toilets, laundry, and anywhere a leak could cause fast damage. Convenient shutoffs reduce panic during an emergency and make future maintenance easier.
4) Will your water heater keep up with the upgrade?
A larger shower, dual shower heads, a soaking tub, or a new laundry setup can increase hot-water demand. If the remodel changes how your household uses hot water, it’s smart to evaluate your water heater capacity (and efficiency) at the same time. Learn more here: Water heater installation & service.
5) Are you upgrading fixtures for comfort and water savings?
Better fixtures can improve everyday comfort—quieter fills, stronger shower performance, cleaner aesthetics—while also reducing leaks and maintenance. If you want help selecting and installing fixtures that fit your space and plumbing, see: Plumbing fixture installation.
Quick comparison: cosmetic update vs. plumbing-forward remodel
Remodel Type
What changes
Plumbing impact
Common risk if planning is late
Cosmetic refresh
Paint, hardware, vanity, faucet swap
Low (often same rough-in)
Small leaks or poor fit due to mismatched connections
Layout change
Move sink, toilet, shower, add dishwasher/laundry
High (drain/vent/water lines)
Rework after tile/cabinets, slow drains, sewer odor from vent issues
Performance upgrade
Bigger shower system, soaking tub, improved pressure, repipe
High (sizing + capacity)
Weak flow, temperature swings, hot water shortages
If your remodel includes pipe updates, leak repair, or replacing older lines while walls are open, start here: Pipe replacements & repairs.
Did you know? Fast facts homeowners often miss
• Drain snaking often opens a path through a clog, but hot-water jetting can scour pipe walls and remove buildup more completely—especially helpful for recurring backups. (mitchellplumbing.com)
• Boise water is commonly reported around ~108 mg/L (about 6 grains per gallon), which is considered “hard” and can contribute to scale on fixtures and in water heaters. (aquatell.com)
• In Idaho, plumbing work frequently involves permits and inspections through the state’s Division of Occupational and Professional Licenses (DOPL). (dopl.idaho.gov)
Step-by-step: A practical plumbing checklist for your Boise remodel
Step 1: Decide what “must move” vs. “nice to move”
Moving a toilet or a tub usually drives the most cost because it may involve floor work and main line adjustments. If the current location works, you can often spend the budget on better fixtures, lighting, or storage without giving up function.
Step 2: Confirm drain, vent, and water line routes before ordering finishes
This is the moment to confirm: where the trap will sit, where the vent ties in, where shutoffs will be accessible, and whether pipe sizing supports your new fixture set. A little time here prevents expensive rework after cabinetry and tile are installed.
Step 3: Plan for access panels and cleanouts (future-you will be grateful)
Remodels can hide important access points. In the right location, an access panel looks clean but can save hours if a valve, tub drain, or shower mixing cartridge ever needs service.
Step 4: Consider proactive drain cleaning while walls are open
If you’re remodeling a kitchen or bathroom that’s had slow drains or recurring clogs, it’s smart to address the drain line while the job is underway. For stubborn buildup, hot water jetting can be a strong option when the pipe condition supports it. Learn more: Hot water jetting & drain cleaning.
Step 5: Protect new finishes with a leak-prevention mindset
New flooring and cabinetry raise the stakes. Ask about upgraded supply lines, reliable shutoffs, and best-practice installation details that reduce risk (especially for toilets, dishwashers, and laundry connections).
If you need general service planning across multiple areas of the home, our full service overview is here: Plumbing services in Boise.
Boise/Treasure Valley local angle: older homes, hard water, and winter reality
Older neighborhoods often mean older plumbing layouts.
If your home is mid-century or older, you may run into legacy pipe materials, tight chases, or previous remodel work that wasn’t designed for today’s fixture expectations. A remodel is the right time to evaluate pipe condition and update what’s accessible.
Hard water can quietly reduce performance.
Mineral scale can show up as reduced shower performance, spotty fixtures, or faster wear on water-heating equipment. If you’re upgrading fixtures, it may also be worth discussing filtration or softening options: Water softening & treatment systems.
Remodel timelines often collide with winter plumbing risks.
Boise winters can be hard on plumbing—especially if pipes are exposed during construction. If a line fails after hours, having a local team that answers directly can make a big difference: 24/7 emergency plumbing in Boise.
Ready to plan your plumbing remodel with a Boise team that’s been doing this for decades?
If you’re moving fixtures, upgrading a bathroom, remodeling a kitchen, or building an addition, a quick planning conversation can prevent the most common remodel surprises—slow drains, poor venting, weak pressure, and hard-to-service valves.
FAQ: Plumbing remodels in Boise
Do I need a permit to move plumbing during a remodel in Idaho?
Many plumbing projects require permits and inspections. The requirements can depend on scope and jurisdiction, but Idaho’s DOPL provides plumbing permit and inspection information and scheduling. (dopl.idaho.gov)
Can I relocate a toilet anywhere in the bathroom?
Often, relocation is possible—but the true limitation is the drain path, slope, venting, and what’s under the floor. A planning visit can confirm what’s feasible before you finalize the layout.
Is hydro jetting better than snaking for remodel prep?
For a single, simple clog near a fixture, snaking can be the right first step. For recurring backups or heavy buildup, controlled jetting can clean pipe walls more thoroughly and help reduce near-term repeat clogs. (mitchellplumbing.com)
Should I replace old pipes while walls are open?
If pipes show corrosion, repeated leaks, or past patchwork repairs, a remodel is often the most cost-effective time to update accessible lines—before new finishes make access harder and more expensive.
Will my current water heater handle a new shower system or soaking tub?
Maybe—but it depends on tank size, recovery rate, and the new demand. If your remodel increases hot-water usage, ask for a quick capacity check so you don’t finish the remodel and then discover you’re running out of hot water.
What’s the best way to prevent sewer odors after a remodel?
Sewer odor issues are often tied to venting and traps. Ensuring each fixture has a properly protected trap and the venting is correct for the updated layout is the best prevention strategy.
Glossary (helpful remodel plumbing terms)
Rough-in
The behind-the-wall/under-floor plumbing stage where drains, vents, and supply lines are set before fixtures and finishes are installed.
Vent (plumbing venting)
Piping that balances air pressure in the drain system so fixtures drain properly and sewer gases don’t enter the home.
Trap (P-trap)
The curved section of drain pipe that holds water to block sewer gas from coming back up through a sink, tub, or shower drain.
Cleanout
An access point that allows drain lines to be serviced (snaked or jetted) without removing fixtures or opening walls.
Hydro jetting (hot water jetting)
A professional drain-cleaning method that uses high-pressure water (sometimes heated) to scour buildup from pipe walls. (mitchellplumbing.com)
Hard water
Water containing higher levels of dissolved minerals (commonly calcium and magnesium) that can contribute to scale buildup over time. (aquatell.com)
Emergency Plumbing in Meridian, ID: What to Do in the First 15 Minutes (Before the Damage Spreads)
January 22, 2026Fast, calm steps for leaks, clogs, and no-hot-water situations—made for Treasure Valley homes
Plumbing emergencies rarely start as “big” emergencies. They start as a drip, a slow drain, a water heater that’s “acting weird,” or a toilet that won’t stop running. Then the damage compounds—flooring swells, cabinets wick water, drywall stains, and mold risk climbs. If you live in Meridian (or anywhere in the Treasure Valley), the best protection is knowing what to do immediately and when to call a licensed plumber.
Cloverdale Plumbing has served the area since 1953 with 24/7 emergency plumbing support. This guide focuses on the first 15 minutes—because that window often determines whether you’re facing a quick repair or a major restoration.
The “Stop the Water” Priority List (in order)
1) Shut off water at the closest valve you can reach.
If a sink supply line is spraying, close the hot/cold shutoffs under the sink. If the toilet is overflowing, close the toilet angle stop behind it. If a hose bib or outdoor line is leaking, shut off that branch if you have one.
If a sink supply line is spraying, close the hot/cold shutoffs under the sink. If the toilet is overflowing, close the toilet angle stop behind it. If a hose bib or outdoor line is leaking, shut off that branch if you have one.
2) If you can’t isolate it, shut off the home’s main water.
In many Meridian homes, the main shutoff is near where the water line enters the house (sometimes in a mechanical room, crawl space, or utility closet). The City of Meridian recommends everyone in the household knows where that main shutoff is located before freezing weather hits. (meridiancity.org)
In many Meridian homes, the main shutoff is near where the water line enters the house (sometimes in a mechanical room, crawl space, or utility closet). The City of Meridian recommends everyone in the household knows where that main shutoff is located before freezing weather hits. (meridiancity.org)
3) If there’s any electrical risk, shut off power to the affected area.
Water near outlets, a water heater, a furnace, or a dishwasher power connection is a “pause and power down” situation. If you’re unsure, keep clear and call a pro.
Water near outlets, a water heater, a furnace, or a dishwasher power connection is a “pause and power down” situation. If you’re unsure, keep clear and call a pro.
4) Start damage control.
Use towels, a wet/dry vac, and buckets. Move items off the floor. Open cabinet doors under sinks to help surfaces dry.
Use towels, a wet/dry vac, and buckets. Move items off the floor. Open cabinet doors under sinks to help surfaces dry.
Quick “Did You Know?” Facts (that affect your water bill and your home)
A constantly running toilet can waste 200+ gallons per day. That’s not just annoying—it’s a true emergency for your water usage. (epa.gov)
Hard water causes scale. Hardness is primarily from calcium and magnesium, and “hard” water is typically 121–180 mg/L as calcium carbonate (with “very hard” above 180 mg/L). Scale can reduce efficiency in water heaters and narrow pipe interiors over time. (usgs.gov)
Outdoor plumbing freezes fast. The City of Meridian highlights that sprinkler pipes and backflow assemblies can freeze and break when temps drop below 32°F, and recommends winterization steps ahead of cold snaps. (meridiancity.org)
Step-by-Step: What to Do When You Have a Leak
Step 1: Identify “clean water” vs. “dirty water”
Water from a supply line (sink, toilet supply, water heater inlet) is typically clean. Water from a drain, toilet bowl, or floor drain backup may be contaminated. If you suspect a sewer backup, keep people and pets away and stop using all plumbing fixtures until it’s cleared.
Step 2: Shut off the right valve
If the leak is under a sink or behind a toilet, the fixture shutoff is usually fastest. If the leak is in a wall/ceiling or you can’t see it clearly, go straight to the main shutoff.
Step 3: Relieve pressure and reduce spread
After shutting off the main, open one cold faucet on the lowest level of the home to relieve pressure. Place a bucket under active drips and use towels to stop water from migrating under baseboards.
Step 4: Document the damage (quickly)
Take a few photos/video for your records. Then focus on drying. The faster you dry the area, the lower the risk of warping and secondary damage.
Step 5: Call for emergency plumbing support
A professional can locate the failure point, confirm if additional sections are compromised, and repair or replace components safely—especially when the leak is inside a wall, under slab, or tied to water heating equipment.
If you have frozen pipes: The City of Meridian specifically warns never to thaw a frozen pipe with an open flame. Use safe heat methods and call a plumber if you suspect a split line. (meridiancity.org)
Meridian & Treasure Valley Angle: Cold snaps, hard water, and busy households
Meridian winters create a predictable pattern: a warm stretch, then a sudden freeze. That’s when exposed lines (garage walls, exterior hose bibs, crawl spaces) can freeze—and when small weaknesses in older valves, supply lines, or fittings show up as leaks.
Add hard-water conditions (minerals like calcium and magnesium) and it’s common to see scale buildup that affects fixtures and water heater efficiency over time. If your hot water seems to run out faster than it used to, or you hear increased popping from the tank, a maintenance check can help prevent an after-hours emergency. (usgs.gov)
If you’re also planning a bathroom or kitchen update, it’s smart to treat plumbing as part of the remodel—new fixtures, updated shutoff valves, and right-sized drain venting can prevent the “new look, old problems” scenario.
Need an emergency plumber in Meridian right now?
If water is actively leaking, drains are backing up, or your water heater is flooding, don’t wait for “business hours.” Cloverdale Plumbing provides 24/7 emergency plumbing support across the Treasure Valley.
Request Service 24/7 Emergency Services
Tip: If you’re calling for an emergency, have your main shutoff location and a quick description of what you see (dripping, spraying, backing up, no hot water).
FAQ: Emergency Plumbing in Meridian, Idaho
What counts as a plumbing emergency?
Any situation where water is actively damaging the home (leaks, overflows), sewage is backing up, a pipe is frozen and you suspect a split, or a water heater is leaking. If shutting off a local valve doesn’t stop it, treat it as urgent.
If my toilet won’t stop running, is that really urgent?
Yes—because it can waste a surprising amount of water. EPA guidance notes a constantly running toilet can waste 200 gallons of water or more every day. Turning off the toilet’s shutoff valve can prevent runaway bills until it’s repaired. (epa.gov)
Should I use a chemical drain opener for an emergency clog?
If multiple fixtures are backing up, avoid chemicals and stop using water—this can be a main line issue. For single-fixture clogs, chemicals can sometimes create hazards for you and your plumber (and may damage certain piping). Professional drain cleaning or hot water jetting is often the safer, longer-lasting fix.
What’s the safest way to handle frozen pipes?
Keep the faucet slightly open, warm the area with safe heat (space heater at a distance, warm air circulation), and never use an open flame. The City of Meridian specifically warns against thawing pipes with open flame due to fire and damage risk. (meridiancity.org)
How can I prevent emergency calls during winter?
Insulate exposed lines, disconnect hoses, keep garage doors closed during cold snaps, and make sure every room with plumbing stays heated. Meridian’s winter tips also emphasize knowing your main shutoff location ahead of time. (meridiancity.org)
Glossary (Quick Definitions)
Angle stop: The small shutoff valve behind a toilet or under a sink that controls water to that fixture.
Main water shutoff: The primary valve that turns off water to the entire home.
Hydro jetting (hot water jetting): High-pressure water cleaning used to clear grease, scale, roots, and buildup in drain and sewer lines.
Scale: Mineral buildup (often from calcium/magnesium) that can form inside pipes and on water heater components. (usgs.gov)
Backflow assembly: A device used to prevent contaminated water from flowing back into the clean water supply (often associated with irrigation systems).